Contents: Engine starting system ⬇ Charging system ⬇
The electrical system of the vehicles discussed in this manual operates at 12 V. The ground connection is made through the negative terminal of the battery. The battery is located in the engine compartment above the left wheel arch. On models with the system "Start-stop" an absorption type battery "AGM" is used.
Engine starting system
The sole purpose of the engine starting system is to ensure that the engine rotates at a speed sufficient to start it.
The starting system consists of a starter, battery, ignition switch, traction relay and connecting electrical wiring.
The starter is a DC electric motor with mixed excitation and an externally mounted electromagnetic traction relay. The starter consists of a housing (stator) with excitation windings, an anchor with an overrunning clutch, a cover with brush holders and a traction relay.
The starter switch is an integral part of the ignition switch and is designed to excite the traction relay installed on the starter. When the starter is turned on, current from the battery begins to flow through the traction relay winding. The relay armature is pulled in and the contacts are closed. At the same time, the relay anchor, via the drive lever, ensures the extension of the gear with the overrunning clutch, while the clutch hub rotates on the helical splines of the starter anchor shaft and also rotates the gear, which facilitates the engagement of the latter with the flywheel ring gear. Current flows through the closed contacts of the traction relay, supplying power to the stator and armature windings, and the starter armature begins to rotate together with the hub and overrunning clutch.
After the engine is started, the rotation speed of the pinion exceeds the rotation speed of the starter anchor. In this case, the overrunning clutch rotates freely, and the torque is not transmitted from the engine flywheel to the starter anchor shaft. After releasing the ignition key, the power supply circuit of the traction relay windings through the ignition switch is opened, the anchor of the traction relay is pressed back to its original position by the spring, the relay contacts are opened, and the drive pinion disengages from the flywheel ring gear.
The starter with a retractor relay is located parallel to the engine crankshaft and is secured to the power unit.
When performing any work on the engine starting system, observe the following requirements.
To avoid starter failure due to overheating, do not turn it on for more than 15 seconds - wait at least 1 minute before turning it on again. Long cranking of a non-starting engine with the starter leads to accumulation of unburned fuel in the catalytic converter, which is fraught with failure of the latter due to ignition of the fuel during starting.
The starter is connected directly to the battery and careless handling may cause a fire due to a short circuit.
Always disconnect the negative battery cable before servicing the starter.
Charging system
The vehicles in question use an alternator. When installing additional electrical equipment, check that the generator capacity is sufficient to provide new consumers with electricity.
The generator is driven by a belt from the engine crankshaft.
The generator is a three-phase synchronous electric machine with electromagnetic excitation. To convert alternating current to direct current, a diode rectifier is built into the generator. The output voltage is regulated by a built-in regulator. The generator has a ground connection.
When the generator is operating, the electric current flowing through the excitation winding creates a magnetic flux around the rotor poles. When the rotor rotates, its magnetic poles periodically change under each stator tooth. As a result, the magnetic flux passing through the teeth continuously changes in magnitude and voltage. This alternating magnetic flux creates an electromotive force (EMF) in the stator winding. The wedge-shaped form of the rotor pole pieces is selected in such a way that it allows obtaining a nearly sinusoidal form of the EMF curve.
At high rotor speed, when the generator output voltage begins to exceed 13.6-14.6 V, the voltage regulator locks and no current passes through the excitation winding. When the voltage drops, the regulator opens again, allowing current to flow freely through the excitation winding. The higher the rotor speed, the longer the regulator remains locked and, accordingly, the more the voltage at the generator output decreases. The process of locking and unlocking the regulator occurs at a high frequency, so the output oscillations remain almost imperceptible and the generator voltage can be considered constant.
The charging system does not require periodic maintenance, however, the condition of the alternator drive belt, battery and its wiring should be checked and replaced on a regular basis in accordance with the maintenance schedule (see sections 17 and 18 Chapters 1).
When the ignition is turned on, the charge indicator on the instrument cluster should light up briefly (see chapter "Controls and operating techniques"). If the lamp does not go out after starting the engine or lights up during engine operation, check the condition of the charging system components. Failure of the lamp to activate when the ignition is turned on indicates that it is out of order, the corresponding electrical wiring is damaged, or the generator is not functioning properly (including a broken drive belt).
When servicing the generator, take the following safety precautions.
Do not disconnect the battery or voltage regulator while the engine is running.
Do not short the generator excitation terminal or the cable attached to it to ground.
Do not confuse the order of connecting the voltage regulator wiring.
Remember that turning on a voltage regulator shorted to ground will cause it to fail immediately.
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Never remove the generator while the battery is connected.
Do not confuse the polarity of the battery connection.
Never use voltage meters or test lamps connected to the household network (110/220 V) when checking on-board electrical equipment.
When checking the condition of the diodes, do not apply a voltage higher than 12 V to them and do not use megohmmeters that also have a high output voltage - a breakdown of the diodes will lead to a short circuit. Remember that when checking the insulation of electrical wiring with a megohmmeter, it is necessary to disconnect all electrical wiring from the generator.
When charging the battery without removing it from the car, make sure that both wires are disconnected from it; do not confuse the polarity of the charger connection.
Before carrying out any electric welding work on the vehicle, do not forget to disconnect the electrical wiring from the generator and battery.
Any checks of the circuits and components of the on-board electrical wiring should be carried out with the engine not running and the battery disconnected.
Remember that reversing the polarity of any connections carries the risk of irreversible failure of the rectifier and generator voltage regulator.